Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Capital Punishment Controversy - 1553 Words

Although it is argued that capital punishment is a strong deterrent to crimes and serves as a just punishment, nevertheless, capital punishment should be abolished because it is a violation of human rights, carries a risk of executing innocent people, is a burden on taxpayer’s money and is discriminant in application. Capital punishment has been argued to be a violation of human rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 recognizes that every person has a right to life and further states â€Å"No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment† . Death penalty however, is a violation of both these fundamental human rights as it†¦show more content†¦In 2003 alone, 10 wrongfully convicted defendants were released from death row. These statistics depict an intolerable risk of killing the innocent in the name of justice. There have been several cases globally when a person was executed and his/her innocence was later proven. One such case was in Taiwan when a Taiwanese soldier was executed in 1997 for rape and murder of a five year old girl. Before his death, he had repeatedly claimed that he was wronged and that he did not rape and murder the girl. He was deprived of his life, and branded a rapist and a murderer. Fifteen years later, the authorities caught the real killer Xu Rong-zhou who admitted that he was responsible for the crime . However, the damage had been done. There was nothing that could be done to bring the innocent back to life. Historically, death penalty has also been misused intentionally leading to wrongful executions. For example, the former Prime Minister of Pakistan, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was hanged in April 1979 for charges of murder. This execution is very controversial since it was alleged that the then President of Pakistan, Zia-ul-Haq had used the death penalty and judicial system as a tool to get rid of his rival, Bhutto as Benzir Bhutto writes,† There were no eye-witnesses to the attack.......that the FSF guns, which the ‘confessing accused claimed to have used in the murder attempt did not match the empty cartridges found atShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment and its Controversies 1434 Words   |  6 PagesCapi tal punishment uses death penalty as a form of punishment in many states and countries. It is a practice that has raised endless questions all over the world. Capital punishment or death penalty policy has changed in many countries overtime. Countries such as, New Australia, Zealand and 15 states in the US do not have capital punishment. One of the major concerns arising with capital punishment is because it causes ending of a human life. People and organizations of different backgrounds areRead MoreThe Controversy Of Capital Punishment1374 Words   |  6 PagesThe Controversy of Capital Punishment Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is a form of punishment that has been used as far back as the Colonial Era in America. Although it has been around for the entirety of American history, most of the scrutiny and controversy involving capital punishment arose in the 1972 Supreme Court Case of Furman v. Georgia, in which it was abolished, but quickly returned in 1977. It is evident that many citizens have ambivalent stances on capital punishment; someRead MoreEssay on The Controversy of Capital Punishment.2184 Words   |  9 PagesThe Controversy of Capital Punishment Since the earliest times, man has struggled with the concept of justice. The controversy of capital punishment has weighed on the minds of humans since the beginning. When we are wronged it is our natural instinct to demand compensation. This thirst for revenge can be seen in the earliest civilizations and societies. Ancient Hammurabi code states â€Å"An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth† (History of the World). For many people this little axiom seemsRead MoreCapital Punishment Is Not A Longstanding Controversy Essay1151 Words   |  5 PagesWhether capital punishment is fair or not a longstanding controversy. Currently the punishment has still been carried out in some countries, such as China and the United States. Numbers of capital punishment in China is in the first place, compared to other countries (Sterbenz, 2014). However, 98 countries have abolished capital punishment (Amnesty International facts and figures on the death penalty, 2007). Although most of co untries have no capital punishment to crimes, it is still argued whetherRead MoreCapital Punishment : The Nation S Controversy3247 Words   |  13 Pages CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: THE NATION’S CONTROVERSY Matthew Isaac Political Science 102 Dr. Percival May 10, 2015 A rarity exists in a single topic that can cause a degree of controversy so large that it attracts politicians, judges, community organizers, economists and even religious officials to discuss it. This issue is one that some support and others oppose; that is, the issue of capital punishment. Capital punishment is loosely defined as the execution of an offenderRead MoreThe Controversy Over Capital Punishment2295 Words   |  10 PagesThe controversy with capital punishment has been debated for hundreds of years. The Supreme Court is likely to sway its opinion often about whether it should be abolished or instituted throughout the United States. There have been many court cases and lawsuits regarding this issue that has suggested that legislation would be the most effective way to ending the discussion once and for all. In order to abolish the death penalty, the majority has to agree in support of abolition for any legislatureRead MoreCapital Punishment Has Always Been A Major Controversy1710 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment has always been a major controversy ever since the Supreme Court ruled it constitutional. Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, became extremely popular as a use of â€Å"punishment† for ones illegal actions. The death penalty was first established during 1834 for crimes committed such as â€Å"idolatry, witchcraft, blasphemy, murder, manslaughter, poisoning, bestiality, sodomy, adultery, man stealing, and false witness in case rebellion† (Bohm). According to Bohm’s articleRead MoreThe Capital Punishment Debate Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Punishment, also known as the death penalty is a legal sentence for a criminal to be put to death. The Punishment is rising to a controversial topic and has led to a lot of heated debates. As of 2014, over 150 countries have abolished the death penalty and 40 others have not used it in recent years, although it is still legal. The death Penalty is mostly used in extreme cases of crime like rape or murder. The convicted criminals are mostly put to death in inhuman ways such as lethal injectionsRead MoreShould It Be Abolished Or Not?1396 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Furman guilty of all charges and is to be sentenced to capital punishment. However, what is capital punishment? The definition from dictionary.com states: The practice or legal sanction of allowing the imposition of the penalty of death for people convicted of committing certain crimes. There are five lawful me ans of sentencing which are electrocution, hanging, lethal injection, gas chamber, and firing squad. Capital punishment is a delicate topic amongst the people but there are certain aspectsRead More Capital Punishment Essay - True Justice Through Application of the Death Penalty1069 Words   |  5 PagesApplication of the Death Penalty      Ã‚  Ã‚   The death penalty, as administered by states based on their individual laws, is considered capital punishment, the purpose of which is to penalize criminals convicted of murder or other heinous crimes (Fabian).   The death penalty issue has been the focus of much controversy in recent years, even though capital punishment has been a part of our countrys history since the beginning.   Crimes in colonial times, such as murder and theft of livestock were dealt

Monday, December 23, 2019

Essay on Stereotypes and Stereotyping of Native Americans

The Stereotyping of Native Americans Until fairly recently the popular culture of American literature and film did not attempt to study the true representations of Indians in North America. Instead they chose to concentrate on the romanticized/savage version of Native people: which is an idealistic view of a Native with long, beautiful flowing hair riding on a horse obsessed with chanting and praying to the savageness of a rowdy, wild Native causing unnecessary mayhem to the white people. This portrayal of Native people in mass media had led to the stereotyping of Natives, which in turn had ricocheted into real life. Not only do non-natives succumb to these ideals, but Natives do as well. For the last century these†¦show more content†¦They are Indians unlike anything we are used to seeing or reading about(Egan 19). Some of the stereotypes that have become typical in popular culture are reiterated in the book Reservation Blues written by Sherman Alexie: ? Arnold came to the reservation in his yellow VW van, expecting tipis and buffalo, since he had never been told otherwise. He was genuily shocked when the Indians in his congregation spoke English (Alexie 36). ? A tall, good-looking buck with hair like Indians in the movies, long, purple-black, and straight (Alexie 13) ? Indians were supposed to have visions and receive messages from their dreams. All the Indians on television had visions that told them exactly what to do (Alexie 18). ? In Thomass dreams, the Indians argue among themselves, whooped like Indians always do in movies and dreams, waved their bows and arrows wildly. Three Indian warriors dismounted and grabbed hold of the telegraph wire (Alexie 76). These are only a handful of stereotypes that are made in the book. Alexie points out the romanticized/savage portrayal of Indians in the past century. Not only are the stereotypes made by the white Catholic Priest, but by the Natives people themselves. This illustrates that the representations have ricocheted onto the Natives themselves. They also believe they are supposed to represent the Hollywood version of Indians. With the help of many others suchShow MoreRelatedStereotypes and Stereotyping of Native American in The Pioneers1950 Words   |  8 PagesThe Native American Behind the Stereotype in The Pioneers      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the history of American literature, the Native American is rarely presented as a fully developed character; instead, he is degraded to a mere caricature, one deeply rooted in traditional racial prejudices. In his novel, The Pioneers, James Fennimore Cooper became the one of the first American authors to depict an Indian as a leading character; in fact, Coopers depiction of the infamous Chinkachgook is widelyRead More Stereotypes and Stereotyping of Native Americans in The Last of the Mohicans4193 Words   |  17 PagesThe Last of the Mohicans and Stereotyped Native Americans [1] Native Americans were part of this country long before our founding forefathers. They were the people that Christopher Columbus found inhabiting this land. There is even evidence to show that they have been on the American continents for thousands and even tens of thousands of years. Yet, somehow the European powers dominated these people, forcing them from their land to make it â€Å"ours.† In the early part of the twentieth centuryRead MoreStereotyping Today s Culture : Stereotyping979 Words   |  4 PagesStereotyping in Culture. The definition of stereotyping according to dictionary.cambridge.org is: An idea that is used to describe a particular type of person or thing, or a person or thing thought to represent such an idea. (1) Some psychologists argue that it is a â€Å"natural† aspect of human behavior, which can be seen to benefit each group because it helps in the long-run to identify with one’s own ethnic group and so find protection and promote the safety and success of the group. There is noRead MoreThe Stereotypes Of Stereotypes And Stereotypes977 Words   |  4 PagesBreaking Stereotypes The labeling or stereotyping of different races often define how they are supposed to act, think, and conduct themselves within society. Stereotyping can have an extremely negative effect on individuals in a particular ethnic group that have a real potential to become something better than what their labels define them as. Stereotypes such as all Native Americans are uneducated and lazy, or all Caucasian people are racists, are assumptions that can cause hatred between racesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Breakfast At Tiffany s 1502 Words   |  7 Pagesconstantly disregards the need for diversity in favor of stereotypes. Movies such as Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1961), Scarface (1983), and Pan (2015) are all guilty of this. The depiction of non-American characters in Hollywood movies are constructed around racial stereotypes and whitewashing because non-ethnic/white actors are casted in ethnic roles. Thus, by suggesting that there is a preference for non-ethic/white actors, r acial stereotypes are inadvertently reinforced; thereby, influencing racialRead MoreThe Washington Redskins Name Controversy1106 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversy with Native Americans? That has been the questions since the 1980s. There are many different views on the issue. Some people believe the name should stay, some insist it should be changed, and others are ultimately indifferent. In the end, changing the name is the definite right choice, the Washington Redskins name is offensive to the Native American people and therefore it must go. The name is not only offensive to the Native American people, but people outside of Native American s find issueRead MoreNative Americans and the Issue of Alcoholism Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesFollowing the European invasion in America, Native Americans came to endure many problems. While some have faded, others still linger on in their lives. The issue of alcohol and alcoholism is one of them. From settlers using it to deceive, to todayâ €™s issues on the reservation, alcohol has played a devastating role in the lives of Native Americans. Knowing how the issue of alcohol became such a predominate part of Native Americans lives will allow us to spawn ideas on how to end the problem. BeforeRead MoreNative American Stereotype Representation1743 Words   |  7 PagesNative American Stereotype Representation Stereotyping may be historical, but the emotions it arouses are eminently present today. According to Jack G. Shaheen, â€Å"Stereotypes are especially confining images. They are standardized mental picture[s] . . . representing oversimplified opinion[s] . . . that [are] staggeringly tenacious in [their] hold over rational thinking,† (303). It is obvious today that the presence of the Native American Indians is historically significant. Attitudes of those inRead MoreDiscrimination On International Students Resulting From Ethnic Stereotypes969 Words   |  4 PagesDiscrimination on international Students resulting from ethnic stereotypes. The United States of America in the eyes of the world is a place full of dreams, full of hope and a place where civil liberties are being uphold. People of all different background, different social and financial status flock to America for various reason. Some people come to America to escape religious and political persecutions; some come to escape the horrors of war; some come to find a better life for their family; andRead MoreCommunication Between Cultures And Its Impact On Society1671 Words   |  7 Pageswhen they are first introduced to other. Although not always openly admitted or even consciously known, stereotypes can impact the way that people view one another. Stereotypes are not always negative in connotation, and can even help people deal with a very complex and dynamic world. However, just like the world is complex and dynamic, so are individuals within a culture. Overgeneralized stereotypes as well as blanket labels can never accurately define a person. It is neces sary to look at not only cultural

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Common Law Free Essays

3. 1. 2 Specific Application of English Law(common law and rules of equity) The specific application of English law is under the section 5 CLA 1956 which provides for the application of English law in commercial matters in Malaysia as a whole, differs in its applicability to the former Malay States with Penang, Malacca, Sabah, and Sarawak. We will write a custom essay sample on Common Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the event of non-availability of any local statues, governing a particular commercial matter to fill in the vacuum provides as subsection (1) and (2) in the section 5 of the Civil Law Act 1956. Subsection (1) applies to the states of West Malaysia which corresponds to the former Federated and Unfederated Malay States, while Subsection (2) applies to the former Strait Settlement colonies of Penang and Malacca, and also the Borneo States of Sabah and Sarawak. The difference between the two subsection is not limited for absolute application, but there is also an important substantive difference in that under subsection (1) for the states of west Malaysia other than Penang and Malacca, the law to be administered in England in the like case ‘at the date of the coming into force of this Act’. However, under subsection (2) for Penang, Malacca, Sabah and Sarawak, the law to be administered is the same as would be administered in England in the like cases ‘at the corresponding period’. Therefore there is a cut-off date for the application of English law in commercial matters to the States of West Malaysia other than Penang and Malacca. The cut-off date was 7 April1956 which was the date of the coming into force of the Civil Law Act 1956. For Penang, Malacca and East Malaysia there is no cut-off date. It would appear, therefore, that statue has provided for the continuing reception of English law in mercantile matters for Penang, Malacca, Sabah and Sarawak, whereas for the other Malaysian States, there is no such continuous reception. However Malaysian judges seldom refer to the provisions and their implications when they make reference to or attempt to follow the common law. There is a tendency therefore, for Malaysian judges to use English precedents quite freely, regardless of whether the case in Malaysia took place in Penang, Malacca or the other states of West Malaysia. The scope of section 5 as a whole is limited to the applicable law in cases of commercial matters or mercantile law generally. Some specific subjects under this broad heading have been itemized under section 5(1) that is, law of partnerships, corporation, banks and banking, principals and agents, carriers by air, land and sea, marine insurance, average, and life and fire insurance. Finally it is to be noted that unlike section 3(1), section (5) of the Civil Law Act refers to English law and not the common law of England and rules of equity are a part of equity. No doubt, the common law and rules of equity are part of ‘English law’, but the term ‘English law’ encompasses more than just the common law and rules of equity and it would also include English statutory law. The application of English law can only be done if there is no other provision in any written law. As mentioned earlier the section 6 of the Civil Law Act 1956 is the part of the land law. None of English law will be applied to the land matters in Malaysia. This is because in Malaysia the National Land Code is the law that governs the land matters. How to cite Common Law, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Ms Powerpoint Exercise Part Ii free essay sample

You are working at a support desk for a company providing onsite and telephone support to customers with Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® questions. On this particular day, you are presented with the following three situations: Situation 1: Susan, a pharmaceutical representative, must create a presentation about a new drug recently approved by the FDA. She wants to know the main functions of Microsoft ® PowerPoint ®. Susan’s gathered data includes graphs, videos, and statistics of the new drug. I would explain to her that the some of the main functions of PowerPoint are charting, drawing, inserting multimedia, outling, and word processing to name a few. I would tell her that she could insert her videos of her research into her presentation. I would tell her that she could do this by clicking the insert tab and selecting the movie button and selecting movie from file. This will bring up a box where she can select the videos and advise her to select the file she wants to insert and select open. We will write a custom essay sample on Ms Powerpoint Exercise Part Ii or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This will embed the video into the presentation. I would also explain to her the ways she can insert graphs into her presentation and that she can export the information from her Microsoft Excel spreadsheets if she wanted to. I would walk her through the steps to inserting a graph by telling her to click on the insert tab and select chart. Than I would advise her to select the graph that best fits her information and MS Excel will open which she can than insert the information manually or from an existing spreadsheet. I would explain to her that Microsoft PowerPoint is an excellent tool for presenting statistics and information to large groups and even creating handouts. I would ask her if she had any other questions and also refer her to the Microsoft website where she can view tutorials and view information at her own leisure. You are working at a support desk for a company providing onsite and telephone support to customers with Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® questions. On this particular day, you are presented with the following three situations: Situation 2: The training department from a local electronics store provides presentations to newly hired employees about the company and its operations. There are four different presentations created by four different people. The training supervisor wants to unify all four presentations into one without manually manipulating each slide. I would explain to the training supervisor that this is possible with a few steps. I would advise the supervisor to save the presentations in a folder for easy access. I would explain to open a presentation and click on the last slide. I would explain to click on the home tab and select the new slide tab with the arrow which will open a dropdown box, at the bottom of this box you should select reuse slide which will open a box on the right hand side. I would advise them to click the browse button and select the presentation they would like to merge; this will open the slides in the box. Before adding the slides to the current presentation it is very important to click the box at the bottom of the window that says â€Å"keep source formatting†. Once the box has been checked than you can right click on the first slide and select insert all slides. This will add all slides and keep the original formatting. I would advise to do this for each presentation they would like to add. I would ask if there were any further questions and answer them to the best of my ability. I would advise them that they could visit the website for tutorials and guides. You are working at a support desk for a company providing onsite and telephone support to customers with Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® questions. On this particular day, you are presented with the following three situations: Situation 3: Tim, a college sophomore, is having trouble with a Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® presentation he e-mailed to himself from the library’s computer. When he executes the presentation, the slides change too fast, the font changes, and the audio from each transition does not match. Tim wants to know why this has happened and what can fix it. I would advise Tim that this problem with the audio could be because the music files are not backed up on the computer it is being emailed to. I would suggest sending the music files separately to the computer. I would also suggest changing the slide transition speed to slow and apply it to all the slides and see if that fixes the problem. To do this I would tell Tim to click on the animation tab and select the slide transition dropdown menu and select slow and click apply to all. I would also suggest that it could be the size of the file that could be causing the problem and to reduce the size of the slide presentation.

Friday, November 29, 2019

The Yanomamo and the Fierce Anthropologist free essay sample

The controversy revolving the tribe of the Yanomamo and the professionals linked to anthropology has caught the world’s attention. Rapid and unforeseeable events have set the tone for the controversy. The study of these Amazonian Indians, who live in regions of the Venezuela and Brazil border, has turned in western exploitation. Accusations about of unethical anthropologist are abundant, but little facts about such accusations are evident. The grand attention that these events have attained has turned into a focus on larger issues in anthropological practices. By comparing the approach and relationships of other research projects, we can identify just ethical standards. Most of the controversy stems from the publications about the Yanomamo tribe by anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon. His 1968 volume Yanomamo: The Fierce People made the tribe famous due to good writing and extensive interaction with one of the most isolated people on the planet. But ultimately, the way that he portrayed them–violent and fierce–is what attracted wide audiences. We will write a custom essay sample on The Yanomamo and the Fierce Anthropologist or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Much of his books and his video productions are centralized around the theme that the Yanomamo have an immutable trait of violence. According to Chagnon, he collected data, interacted with opposing Yanomamo villages, and received testimony to arrive to his findings. His researched was very lucrative; his book sold more than 4 million copies, which is well beyond the average of other ethnographies. He not only gained financial benefits, he began to be praised and attacked by people around the globe. People accused Chagnon of exaggerating the fact that violence is a part of their culture. For instance, French anthropologist Jacques Lizot, who lived with the Yanomamo for more than twenty years, said that violence is periodic; it does not govern their social life for long periods of time. It is worth noting that Lizot was accused of homosexual acts with young Yanomamo and distributing guns. Others, like Kenneth Good, accused Chagnon of sensationalizing violence, which he elaborated in his book, New Yorkers: The Mugging and Murdering People. He explains that just because violence occurs within the Yanomamo, does not mean they should all be generalized as violent. Good also received backlash for his research because he married a young Yanomamo girl, whom he now has three children with. Another compelling argument came from the studies of Brian Ferguson. He identified Chagnon’s representation of violence as a historical situation. He states that there is a spike in violence during contact with Westerners. As it relates to Chagnon, because he brought western manufactured goods, such as steel and iron tools, he disrupted trading relationships, which lead to inter-village violence for the unequal access of those scarce and desired tools. Among all the accusers, journalist Patrick Tierney gave the controversy the most attention. Tierney’s book, Darkness in El Dorado: How Scientist and Journalist Devastated the Amazon, explored the affects of Yanomamo’s exposure to the outside world. Published in 2000, the book accuses Chagnon of misrepresenting the Yanomamo as fierce people, being responsible for warfare by interrupting trading relationships, staging film scenes, fabricating data, giving unsupported claims of being the first to contact with the Yanomamo, violating Venezuelan law, and overall unethical practices. The next set of accusations involves geneticist James Neel, who joined Chagnon in the fieldwork of the Yanomamo in 1968. He accuses Neel of helping the measles epidemic worsen because he provided outdated vaccines and misadvised the Yanomamo, which resulted in the deaths of thousands. Many of these accusations were prevalent since Chagnon’s work in the 1960’s, but Tierney’s publication brought them together for mainstream audiences. Subsequently, the American Anthropological Association (AAA) was compelled to launch an investigation on the controversy. After investigating the abundant accusations, the AAA exonerated Neel from worsening or causing the measles epidemic, found insufficient evidence to charge Chagnon with all of Tierney’s accusation, but did find that he did not have the Yanomamo’s best interest in mind. It is undisputed that this controversy is repelling. Even if all of the accusations were false, the mere accusations show that ethical standards were broken. Surprisingly, the controversy does reap some positive consequences; it encourages personnel–within and outside the field–to consider the appropriate standards that anthropologist should be held to. Ethical questions arise, such as: how an anthropologist explains and gains consent from the targeted group, what is just compensation, or the dynamics and limits of ‘doing no harm’ to the subjects. The unbalance of power between the anthropologist from developed societies and their isolated subjects is a relationship that needs to be treated with delicacy to avoid exploitation. We can compare the relationship that researcher and filmmaker John Marshall had with the Juhoansi people of the Kalahari Desert for ethical analysis. John Marshall first went to the Kalahari in 1950 and researched the Juhoansi for fifty years thereafter. His relationship with the Juhoansi was one of friendships. He, alike other anthropologist, compensated the Juhoansi for their cooperation with western goods, but he did not stop there. During one of Marshall’s visits, he found the Juhoansi living in government settlements, which provided food relief and low wage jobs, but also inflicted alcohol abuse, domestic violence, and the lack of independence. In the late 1970’s, Marshall began to advocate for more water access and agricultural opportunity from the government. Because there was such a significant interruption to the traditional way of Juhoansi life, desired changes beset different challenges. Marshall justly compensated the Juhoansi and kept their best interest in mind to avoid causing harm to them. The latter characteristic is one that is of greatest importance because harm can come in direct and indirect ways that are temporary or permanent. The American Anthropological Association standard, labeled the ‘do no harm’ rule, is one that anthropologist often have little ability to prevent. At bare minimum, anthropologists almost always interrupt a group’s way of life when doing research and compensating with goods that are scarce to their environments. Interruptions in general, require adjustment and adaption, and when dealing with groups that have customs and traditions that have not changed for possibly hundreds of years, those adjustments are problematic and often prove to be vitally harmful. For instance, Chagnon’s and other Yanomamo researchers brought western goods and weapons into their community, which created an interruption in trading and likely contributed to their state of warfare. Further, John Marshall also unintentionally created a significant interruption when his tire tracks that he created during his visits facilitated the contact with government entities, which ultimately changed most of the Juhoansi traditional ways of life. The difference between the two examples is that Marshall actually returned and improved their situation by advocating to their interests. Chagnon not only used more coercive techniques in gaining cooperation, there is also no trace of tangible efforts made to improve the harm he contributed to in the Yanomamo community. If the AAA standards were altered to ‘do not harm only while researching’ or compensate for cooperation, little ethical analysis would be needed, but that is not the case. Doing no harm to the group is indefinite and needs to be examined even after research is complete. Additionally, a â€Å"just† amount of compensation means that it needs to be fair, not just in the context of the region researched, but also that of the western entities benefiting from it; i. e. ten machetes given to the Yanomamo for an ethnography research is not equivalent $500k and advancement in the anthropologist respective career. Alike the Yanomamo, the Juhoansi continue to face challenges due to outside interference. However, their interference mostly comes form governmental entities, and the Juhoansi have been assisted by Marshall and treated ethically by other anthropologists, like Richard Lee. On the other hand, the Yanomamo face problems from miners camping in their territories, destruction of the environment by mining and other outside forces, along with other governmental issues, but it is also clear that the Yanomamo have been significantly exploited by the western world. This could be because of the lack of oversight and/or due to little ethical standards. In any case, these unfortunate chain of events should serve a greater purpose to the ethical standards of practicing anthropologist and aspiring students.

Monday, November 25, 2019

SADDAM HUSSEIN essays

SADDAM HUSSEIN essays many 20th century dictators used a form of totalitarianism to rise and maintain power. totalitarianism describes a government that takes total, centralized state control over every aspect of public and private life ( pattern of interactions) totalitarian leaders, such as saddam Hussein practiced the totalitarian system of government in order to maintain control. their are many elements of totalitarianism, all in which he followed. the Iraqi president saddam Hussein born to a poor Sunni Arab family on April 28, 1937 in Tirkit, Iraq. his father died shortly after his birth, largely neglected and abused by his stepfather saddam sought to take control of his life at an early age ( Bio: Encyclopedia Volume 3) denied permission of his education, saddam ran away to his maternal uncle, who was a retired army officer and advocate of Arab nationalism ( villains and Out laws). this attracted him to the military service as a career. extremely interested in politics and impressed with the nationalism that swept Iraq. saddam decided to move to Baghdad in 1956. In 1957 saddam joined Bath Arab socialist party, a radical Arab nationalist organization opposed to the government. when Iraqi dictator general Abd al Karim Kasseem, was president, saddam was a member of the Bath team assigned to assassinate him ( volume 3). the attempt failed and saddam and other people ran away to exile. he reached Egypt, where he met up with a number of other exiled Iraqis after five years in exile, saddam returned to Iraq where the Bath party had just seized power. while in Bath party saddam was always going in and out of prison. the new regime was quickly overthrown and Hussein was arrested and imprisoned. he later escaped in 1966. Hussein successfully had the Bath party in control of the country in 1968 by helping to lead a revolution. In this act he became vice president of the revolutionary command council ( volume 3...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Business Assignment 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Assignment 6 - Essay Example Teams are formed with organizations to address specific issues, challenges, or problems. Members of a team should therefore be individuals who are aware of the problems or the needs of the group and are as well willing to contribute in finding the solution as well as making the situation better than it already is. If an organization has a financial crisis, for instance, accountants, economists, financial analysts and others who understand the organization’s financial trends should form the core of the team. Knowledgeable people enhance understanding of the team and hence smooth meetings (Dyer & Dyer, 2013). The most important aspect of a team meeting should be what the members are supposed to discuss in those meetings, the agenda. Agenda setting is the second step for team meeting management. With an agenda well set, team meetings are half on course of delivering their mandates. Team meetings should have agendas that are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time bound to deliver instantly (Dyer & Dyer, 2013). A team should comprise of individuals who are ready to work both for themselves and for the other members of the team. Team members, therefore should bear tasks and responsibilities that aid in the accomplishment of the objectives of the team (Kayser, 2011). Not all the activities of the team can be left to specific individuals, but each team member should at least contribute to those activities. Either, communications and contributions in meetings should allow for the participation of at least the interest of every member. In the formulation of the agenda for any committee meeting, time should be a factor worth a critical consideration. Too long meetings or too short meetings barely deliver amicable solutions to organizations. In addition, the best times for meetings are when the members are fresh in mind and ready to contribute. Time management contributes to the quality of the meeting

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

The effects of human cloning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The effects of human cloning - Essay Example Human cloning is also faces the risk of being misused, and is shows a lack of respect for the individuals involved as well as respect for the mystery of procreation of human beings. Moreover, it lead to serious psychological problems for both the parent and the child. Other problems have to do with that its long-term effects are unidentified, it poses concerns regarding lack of originality, individuality, identity formation, gender identity, identification, as well as problems to do with cognitive development and social emotional development. Introduction Cloning is a reproduction method that refers to the asexual production of genetically identical organisms either through nuclear transfer, which has to do with the substitution of a nucleus in the egg by another nucleus, or through the division of an embryo. Cloning involves copying or duplicating an individual or a cell from its DNA, and the result is a clone. Cloning in animals is attained through embryonic cloning where a fertili zed egg is split into two or more parts at a very early embryonic stage, yielding two or more identical beings. It is also attained through somatic cloning where identical beings are produced from adult animals’ cells – under specified conditions, an anucleated ovum fertilizes a somatic cell’s nucleus leading to cell division, and it becomes a fetus. For decades, people have done cloning in dozens plants (vegetables and fruits) by deliberately reproducing genetic replicas of parents with desirable qualities as well as quantities. However, the first successful attempt of cloning in mammals is exemplified by formation of a Scottish sheep called Dolly through a process known as somatic cell nuclear transfer. This grabs the attention of scientists – they thought that if plants and animals could be cloned, there was a possibility that humans too could be cloned (Yadav & Sharma, 2011 and Islam, et al. 2012). Yadav and Sharma (2011) explain that a geneticist kno wn as Joshua Lederberg, is credited coming up with the prospects and promise of human cloning. Today, â€Å"human cloning has become a real possibility† with the rise of reproductive cloning technology – through it, parents are given the ability â€Å"to choose a desirable genotype for one’s offspring† (Shapshay, 2012) or the ability to exercise their control/desires on the identity of the children they want to have. Yadav and Sharma (2011) identify three types of cloning. The first one is reproductive cloning, which produces an individual that has identical nuclear DNA as the parent. Reproductive cloning uses somatic cell transfer process as discussed in previously. The second type of cloning is DNA Cloning or Recombinant DNA Technology, which is done by cell- based technique, a process that involves cutting off DNA fragment from the chromosomal DNA and attaching it to a plasmid. The gene of interests is attached to its vector forming a recombination DNA molecule. DNA Cloning or Recombinant DNA Technology, is also done using polymerase chain reaction technique whereby when all cells divide, enzymes known as polymerases create a copy of the whole DNA in every chromosome. The two DNA chains of the double helix are separated making a copy, each strand acting as a template. This technique is faster and uses a very small portion of target DNA. The third type of cloning is therapeutic cloning, referred also to as embryo cloning, somatic cell nuclear transfer, research cloning, cloning for biomedical research or cell

Monday, November 18, 2019

Mngement of high performnce tems nd time limits Essay - 1

Mngement of high performnce tems nd time limits - Essay Example For Shiseido, its s 50th Ð °nniversÐ °ry wÐ °s one of the remÐ °rkÐ °ble events in the history of the compÐ °ny. The compÐ °ny mÐ °nÐ °gement hÐ °d limited time to prepÐ °re this celebrÐ °tion Ð °nd needed high performÐ °nce teÐ °ms for this project. Shiseido’s mÐ °nÐ °gement wÐ °s Ð °frÐ °id thÐ °t on bÐ °dly plÐ °nned projects this stÐ °ge often involved considerÐ °ble negotiÐ °tion Ð °nd Ð °lterÐ °tion to the plÐ °n. It wÐ °s likely thÐ °t Shiseido’s wild hÐ °ve lots of chÐ °nges to mÐ °ke to the plÐ °n Ð °nd thÐ °t the mÐ °nÐ °gers did not reÐ °lly understÐ °nd the plÐ °n (Shiseido Home PÐ °ge 2007). The problem wÐ °s thÐ °t the Ð °nniversÐ °ry wÐ °s coming but nothing wÐ °s reÐ °dy for the celebrÐ °tion (Burkun, 2005). 2. To Ð °void too much chopping Ð °nd chÐ °nging Ð °t this stÐ °ge, Shiseido decided to involve the mÐ °nÐ °gers so thÐ °t this Ð °pprovÐ °l stÐ °ge becomes Ð ° formÐ °lity. To improve the situÐ °tion Ð °nd ‘sÐ °ve’ the project, Shiseido motivÐ °tes its workers finÐ °nciÐ °lly Ð °nd personÐ °lly, Ð °nd sets reÐ °listic objectives. The new objectives hÐ °ve motivÐ °ted Ð ° teÐ °m running the project, Ð °nd motivÐ °tion wÐ °s creÐ °ted by setting reÐ °listic tÐ °rgets thÐ °t the project teÐ °m. Its executive teÐ °m spent time with the people involved getting them to tell how things will work (FrÐ °me, 2002). 3. This situÐ °tion provides the opportunity Ð °nd motivÐ °tion for the compÐ °ny Ð °nd its employees to think Ð °heÐ °d Ð °bout the project they Ð °re undertÐ °king. This process tends to reveÐ °l problems Ð °nd therefore helps find solutions to them. Problems get solved while they Ð °re still smÐ °ll, remote problems (GrÐ °y Ð °nd LÐ °rson 2003). Few problems Ð °re overlooked Ð °nd left until they loom lÐ °rge. The more people thÐ °t the compÐ °ny gets involved in this thinking-Ð °heÐ °d process, the better the project will be. Shiseido cÐ °nnot get someone else to do it.

Saturday, November 16, 2019

The Effects Of Globalisation On Burger King

The Effects Of Globalisation On Burger King 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Reason for choosing project topic and organisation This Research and Analysis Project is based on topic 5: The effects of globalisation on Burger King Holdings Inc (referred as Burger King, the company or BK from now onwards). Among the reasons for choosing the topic include: Globalisation is neither a very elegant word nor a very clear concept, but the term has been accepted very quickly on a global scale (Wesseling, 2009). Globalisation reflects business orientation based on the belief that the world is becoming more homogeneous and that the distinctions between national markets are not only fading but for some products, will eventually disappear (Czinkota et al., 2004). Its fast growing impact on the world certainly attracts my attention. The ACCA course I am currently pursuing has provided me with some theoretical knowledge of this topic to analyze a real life company. This assignment will certainly allow me to put my theoretical knowledge into practical experience. By conducting research on an organisation, where BK will be my subject of research it will certainly widen my horizon of knowledge on this topic. Taking into account the information gathering analytical skills like computation, extrapolation and communication for the research which will help in my future career as an accountant, I will certainly benefit from my research on this topic. In any research project, ease of obtaining information is of main concern furthermore with most time and budget constraints. BK was chosen because its annual financial report, press release and other relevant information on the company are easily accessible online at its website www.bk.com. Further updates and company activities are also available by just a click away from academic databases and the internet. Another reason for choosing the company because BK is among the most well known fast food restaurants. BK is the second largest fast food hamburger chain in the world. Every day, over 11 million guests visit a BK somewhere in the world (Burger King Holdings Inc., 2010).The tremendous market reach along with various achievements as listed in Appendix 1 as well as the fact that I am a fan of its offerings all compelled me to choose this company. Note: Only financial statement till June 2009 is used in this research as that was the latest annual financial statement published at the point of doing my research. 1.2 Project Objective and Research Question This research project involves the evaluation of the effects of globalisation on an organisation. After much research on this topic, I realised that different people around the people have different views and perception concerning globalisation. From quantitative point of view, globalisation is defined as the intensification of economic, political, social and cultural relations across borders whereas from qualitative point of view, globalisation is defined as a process comprising a number of qualitative transformation, which are represented by technological transformation, the financial transformation, the geographical reallocation of production, the process of commodification, the polarisation of wealth, the subordination of politics to economics and the related decline of the nation state (Talani, 2004). Globalisation process, driven by rapid and largely unrestricted flows of information, ideas, cultural values, capital, goods and services and people lead to a shift towards a more integrated world economy. These processes, promoted by converging market preferences, falling trade barriers, and the integration of national economies is emerging as the norm in a growing range of economic activities, changing economic theory and practices (Jutaliaviciene et al., 2006). Globalisation has resulted in both opportunities and threats in terms of all parties involved such as suppliers, customers and competitors (Burgers et al., 1993; Courtney et al., 2001; Oxelheim et al., 1991). Thus even though there are many ways to examine the effects of globalisation but I believe Michael Porters Five Forces Model ( Barriers to Entry, Supplier Power, Customer Power, Rivalry, and Threat of Substitutes) can give a clearer picture of the industry the company operates in and steps taken by the company to stand out among all the other competitors worldwide. Therefore, the research question can be structured as What is the impact of globalisation on BK in terms of barriers to entry, supplier power, customer power, rivalry, and threat to substitutes using Porters Five Forces Model? 1.3 Overall research approach Porters five forces is a framework for the industry analysis and business strategy development developed by Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979 (Porter, 1979). It uses a basic five forces framework that determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a market. Attractiveness of a market is based on overall industry profitability whereas an unattractive industry is where overall profitability is driven down by the combination of forces. An industry approaching pure competition would be a very unattractive industry (Porter, 1979; 1980). Porters Five Forces Model consists of 5 fundamental competitive forces: Threat of new entrants contribute to the capacity levels, affect prices and possibly reduce the profitability of existing competitors (Williams et el., 1996). Threat of substitutes exist if there are alternative products with lower prices of better performance parameters for the same purpose (Reklies, 2001). Bargaining power of customer is determined by the size and concentration of customers. Other factors are the extent to which buyers are informed and the concentration or differentiation of the competitors ( Karagiannopoulos, 2005). Bargaining power of supplier attempts to capture pressures that suppliers to the industry can exert on industry profitability. A powerful supplier can raise the companys cost through demanding higher prices for its input or delivering lower quality inputs (Rothaermel, 2008). Rivalry among existing competitors describes how intense could the competition be between existing firm in an industry. Lower returns earned by highly competitive industries due to the higher cost of competition (RapidBI., 2008). Appendix 2 gives more details on the forces and circumstances affecting the strength of each forces. The diagram below should give a better view of how the 5 forces interacts with each other. Rivalry among existing competitor Threat of new entrants Bargaining power of customer Bargaining power of supplier Threat of substitutes Diagram 1: The Five Competitive Forces that shapes strategy (Porter,1979) The effects of globalisation on BK as done with the five forces framework will help me to understand the competitive situation of the company and how competitive advantages might be achieved using the concepts and analytical techniques. As a final note, this model also promotes clear strategic thinking since Porter (1979) argues that business with no clear strategy will have no basis on which to integrate its activities and achieve consistency between its various function and units (The Antidote, 1998). In the end, could lead to reduced profitability and even failure.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

The Power of Heart of Darkness and A Passage to India Essays -- Compar

The Power of Heart of Darkness and A Passage to India      Ã‚  Ã‚   John A. McClure writes in Kipling and Conrad that "as the twentieth century opened, the artists and intellectuals of the age increasingly came to believe that imperial rule, if inevitable in the short run, was an inglorious enterprise that deformed both those who ruled and those who submitted" (153). Joseph Conrad and E. M. Forster were among these artists and each expressed their misgivings about the "inglorious enterprise" and its "deforming" effects in Heart of Darkness and A Passage to India respectively. I will attempt to analyze some of these effects among a range of British characters in both novels in terms of the connections between ideologically motivated cultural assumptions, personal attitudes and behavior, and psychological crisis.    Vladimir Lenin describes imperialism in his work Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism as the "product of highly developed industrial capitalism. It consists in the striving of every industrial capitalist nation to bring under its control or to annex larger and larger areas of...territory, irrespective of what nations inhabit those regions" (155). When the industrial nation allows its citizens to settle in the conquered territory the area is then a colony and the settlers are colonizers whereas the people native to the area are the colonized. The fundamental motive of imperialism and colonialism is economic: profits are large because investment in the conquered area is nil and native labor is cheap, and this situation is maintained by depriving the colonized peoples of political and economic rights. However, as James Kavanagh points out in his essay "Ideology," such a "social situation e... ...ish Empire, everone is affected, everyone is guilty and no one can afford the luxury of an unexamined life.       Bibliography Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York: Signet Classic, 1983. Forster, E. M. A Passage to India. New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World, Inc., 1952. Kavanagh, James T. "Ideology." Critical Terms for Literary Study. Eds. Frank Lentricchia and Thomas McLaughlin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. Kiernan, V. G. The Lords of Human Kind. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1969. McClure, John A. Kipling and Conrad. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Meltzer, Francoise. "Unconscious." Critical Terms for Literary Study. Eds. Frank Lentricchia and Thomas McLaughlin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. Memmi, Albert. The Colonizer and the Colonized. New York: The Orion Press, Inc., 1965.   

Monday, November 11, 2019

Harvard Reference Generator â€

Harvard Reference Generator How to Validate the output of Harvard Reference Generator by understanding Harvard Reference Format? There are several Harvard reference generator tools available online, as a matter of fact we found several and we tried them out for accuracy. Quite frankly, these online tools called Harvard reference generator are supposed to make your life easier, but like many computer programs out there, there are limitations of these tools. As a matter of fact, we would encourage you to go ahead and try them out yourself. In addition, we would provide some information that is easy to comprehend that you can utilize to validate the output of these tools. While citing journal articles and books in a Harvard essay is straightforward, in some cases, you will use other sources, such as online articles, videos, newspapers, white papers, or artwork. If you are confused about the essay referencing style you should be using our experienced writers at our site and get help with clarifying the requirements. Harvard Reference Generator Here is the another one we found from CiteThisFormForMe that worked okay for the most part.Full Harvard Referencing and Formatting Guide for University StudentsThe Harvard reference format is generally used by university students when writing their essay. The main reason for Harvard referencing is to show the research concluded and cite the information sources used for writing the dissertation or essay. There are specific rules for Harvard reference format, and below you can learn how to cite and format your Harvard essay.How to Format Your Harvard Essay?General GuideIn Harvard referencing weather you do it via online tool or thru a Harvard reference generator, by the time you get this entry prepared for your essay, you will need to include a cover page, including the title written in ALL CAPS, the author’s name, the name of the class, and the professor’s name. You will also have to include the city and state of the university, and the date. On all pages, excluding the cover page, you will have to include a header that has the short title of the essay and page number. Make sure any Harvard Reference Generator tool that you use out there is providing accurate information. All major topics need to start with a header, and subtopics need a subheader. Every header and subheader needs to be title case: all words capitalised, except for articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. The last page of your Harvard essay needs to include the reference list. We found several Harvard reference generator providing inaccurate information, so double check your work using this guide.What to Reference in Harvard reference?Simply put, you need to reference all sources used to write your Harvard essay. These include statistics, journal articles, class readings, presentations, and books you read to create your own work. Failing to reference all sources will result in plagiarism, and you will receive a grade penalty for not citing your references.How to validate Harvard Reference Generator output manually?Harvard In-text CitationsThe first type of Harvard referencing is in-text citations. When creating Harvard in-text citations, you will generally have to include the name of the author(s), and the year of the publication. If there are two or three authors, you have to write all the names, however, if there are more than three, you use the first author’s name and the â€Å"et al.† abbreviation in Harvard reference format. When citing interviews, use the name of the person you interviewed. For direct quotations, you will also have to include the page number in the following format: â€Å"(Author1 & Author2, 2000: p. x)†. Always place the references after the referenced quotation. Use an indented paragraph for direct quotes longer than two lines when you cite Harvard style. Harvard Reference List FormatIt is important to format the Harvard reference list according to the rules, otherwise, the essay or dissertation will be marked down for plagiarism. Use the header â€Å"References† starting a new page, centered, followed by the list of the sources in alphabetical order. Do not indent the first line of the reference, but indent the following lines of the same source.See an Example of the Harvard Reference Format Below:Book Author’s Last Name, First Initial, Publication year. Title of book in italics and title case. City of the publication: Publisher’s name. Article Author’s Last Name, First Initial & Second Author’s Last Name, First Initial,Publication year. Title of the article in title case. Journal Title, Volume and issue number(Issue Number): pp. (page number). Internet Author’s Last Name, First Initial, Publication year. The title of the web page capitalised [Online] (updated date) Available at: (web address: www.xyz.com) [Accessed 1 January 2000]. In some cases, you will also need a bibliography as well as a Harvard style reference. The main purpose of the bibliography is to list the sources you consulted, but did not cite in the paper. To find out whether or not you need a separate bibliography, check the dissertation or essay requirements given to you by the professor.Table of Contents and List of Figures in Harvard Style Reference FormatYou sometimes need to create a Table of Contents and List of Figures when you write your dissertation or longer coursework. The requirements for these pages, as well as the appendices depend on the university’s rules. While general Harvard referencing rules give you guidance, always refer to the manual of your university handed to you in the beginning of the course. To avoid any problems with your references, make sure you review our quick guide on how to avoid plagiarism with 10 time tested tips and why you should refrain from using online Free plagiarism checker.Citing Special Sour ces in Harvard Reference SystemWhile citing books and articles in Harvard is straightforward, and there are many tools that will help you, sometimes you will have to cite videos or unusual sources. If you are unsure, you can use the cite this for me, Harvard referencing website to format your sources, but here are some tips on getting your reference list and in-text citations right when citing an online article Harvard reference system.Citing Conference Proceedings and Reports in HarvardFor this source, you will need the name of the author, the title, the organisation or editor, the place of publication, and page numbers. For reports, you will need to include the report number.How to Cite References: Websites, Lectures, Personal Communication, and EmailsWhen you cite websites, use the following: Harvard reference format: Author, year, title of the page, available from, and date of access. Include the name of the sender as an author for personal or professional emails, the recipient’s name, and the date and month of the email. When citing lectures and presentations, include the name of the lecturer or presenter, the title, the institution’s name, and the month and date of the lecture/presentation. If there is more than one presenter, use the name of the person you cite in your paper.Further Guidance to Harvard Reference FormatIf you are unsure what needs to be included in the essay’s Harvard reference page or need help to correctly cite Harvard style, you can check out the formatting guide of your university. Alternatively, submit your question related to Harvard referencing on the our site website, and our experienced, qualified, and professional writers and editors will guide you through the research. Also see How to Use References in Your Essays? How to Use References in Your EssaysDid you know that we also offer support for formatting your essay, researching your paper, and structuring your dissertation? Contact Us TodaySummary Article Name Harvard Reference Generator Validator Description How to Validate the output of Harvard Reference Generator by understanding Harvard Reference Format? Author our site – Admin Publisher Name our site Publisher Logo

Saturday, November 9, 2019

animal farm though shant come to harm Essay

animal farm though shant come to harm Essay animal farm though shant come to harm Essay Napoleon in Animal Farm is a dictator. This is shown by his propaganda made by squealer and his portraits and use of violenceAnimal Farm is an allegorical and dystopian novel by George Orwell, published in England on 17 August 1945. According to Orwell, the book reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalin era in the Soviet Union.[1] Orwell, a democratic socialist,[2] was an outspoken critic of Joseph Stalin and, especially after experiences with the NKVD and the Spanish Civil War, he was actively opposed to the controversial ideology of Stalinism.[3] The Soviet Union, he believed, had become a brutal dictatorship, built upon a cult of personality and enforced by a reign of terror. In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell described Animal Farm as a satirical tale against Stalin "un conte satirique contre Stalin",[4] and in his essay "Why I Write" (1946), he wrote that Animal Farm was the first book in which he had tried, with full consciousness of what he was doing, "to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole". The original title was Animal Farm: A Fairy Story, though the subtitle was dropped by U.S. publishers for its 1946 publication and subsequently all but one of the translations during Orwell's lifetime omitted it. Other variations in the title include: A Satire and A Contemporary Satire.[4] Orwell suggested the title Union des rà ©publiques socialistes animales for the French translation, which recalled the French name of the Soviet Union, Union des rà ©publiques socialistes sovià ©tiques, and which abbreviates to URSA,

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

How to Get Answers to Chemistry Questions

How to Get Answers to Chemistry Questions Students often ask How do I get answers to chemistry questions online? There are several ways to find answers and to ask chemistry questions and get them answered. Here is what you do. Ask Chemistry Questions and Get Answers If you have question you need answered quickly, your best bet is to go to an active online chemistry forum or even to ask the question on an active Facebook page about chemistry. Here are some options for you: About Chemistry on Facebook: This is the Facebook page for the About.com Chemistry site, which is now ThoughtCo Chemistry. You can post a question, which will be viewed by other people interested in chemistry.Ask a Chemistry Question - Yahoo Answers: The pro of using Yahoo Answers is that you might find the answer to the exact problem youre trying to solve. The con is that some of the people attempting to answer the questions are either students or else idiots. Usually you can at least get a good idea of how to approach a problem. Other times, youll get snarky non-answers.AssignmentExpert - Pay for Answers or Assignment Help: This site offers just under ten thousand free answers to homework questions. You can search for what you need or use the form to email your question. You get 1024 characters of space to ask a question. The site promises to charge a fair rate to answer a question, but doesnt say how much it costs. Dont forget to try other forms of social media. For example, you can ask a question on Twitter and may get a response (be sure to use the #chemistry hashtag for more visibility). You can use Facebook to find classmates. Message them and see if they know the answer to your question. Consider using social media to set up a study group if you have multiple questions. Visit your instructor during office hours, call him or her, or email questions. Search Answer and Worked Problems Chances are, if you have a question or a problem, someone else has asked it or at least has asked a similar question. If you cant get a live person to answer your question, then the next best thing is to search for the question and answer. My recommendation to you is to type your exact question into Google or another search engine and see what you get. You might get lucky! If your search is too specific, you can always make it more general until you get answers. Here are some online sites that offer worked problems and answer chemistry questions: Worked General Chemistry Problems: This is my personal collection of chemistry problems and examples, with links to review the subject matter.General Chemistry Questions and Answers (from Ask Antoine, a chemistry prof):Â  Antoine is an actual chemist. His answers are on point. He hasnt added to his list of topics in some time, but you can rest assured the information is accurate.Chegg Answers to Chemistry Questions (General, Organic, Chem Engineering, etc.): Chegg is a top-notch site. However, they are also a paywall site, which means you cant get anything for free. If youre struggling with chemistry but need comprehensive help, it might be worth buying a subscription.Answers to Chemistry Questions That You Should Know: This is a collection of answers to common general questions. Its useful if youre wondering how everyday phenomena work or are trying to explain a complex topic to someone else.Answers.com Chemistry Answers: As with Yahoo Answers, your mileage may vary with Answers.co m. Sometimes a competent person answers a question. Other times, not so much. Use this site to learn how to approach a problem, but dont always trust the answer. Science Notes: This is my personal site, which includes additional examples and problems not covered by ThoughtCo. Use the search bar to seek an example. If you dont find what you need, send me an email and Ill try to add the problem. There are other sites that may show up on search. Quora is even more likely to give you a wrong answer (blind leading the blind) than Yahoo, Answers.com, or Ask.com. Khan Academy is factual, but unlikely to help unless youre studying very basic chemistry. Tips for Success If Google cant find help for your problem, your best bet is to call or message a classmate or instructor or find one of these resources in person. Dont rely on email or posting questions to websites because the turnaround time (days, weeks, never) may be longer than you have.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Review Assignment Reimbursement Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Review Assignment Reimbursement Memo - Essay Example The errors include the following issues in the below paragraphs. Persuasiveness in my presentation was not up to the point. That is; I was not able to argue out my presentation to bring out clear meaning. Moreover, my sentences were not correctly connected to thus making it hard for the reader to find the intended meaning of the memo. However, through the remarks from my supervisor, I have managed to correct the errors and ensure that my work quickly brings out the meaning. Language is another section that brought some mistakes to my previous work. In the last document, I employed vague pronouns thus distorting my primary objective in the document. Moreover, I did not use adequate examples to bring out my points clear. However, with the remarks from my supervisor, I was able to identify the mistake and corrected it immediately. Finally, paragraph segmentation is another section that I made it wrong. In this case, I did not make my paragraphs more objective. However, I have managed to identify the mistake done in the previous work, and I have done the corrections. Therefore, the correction of my work is in the page below. Florida International University offers the course and its classes run from May 11, 2015 to June 19, 2015. The total cost of the course is $607.13 which is apportioned as follows, online fee $199 and tuition fee $408.13. However, I am well prepared to meet the online price. As an assessment manager, the course will be of much help. That is; by the end of the course, I will have my communication skills. At the managerial position, I will be exposed to more sections that will enhance my communication skills. The skills gained in this post will enable me to write effectively business correspondence such as; Internet memos, emails, and reports. In this section, I will be in a position to go through various written memos and interact with different people thus boosting my

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Present Value Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Present Value - Assignment Example The monthly profits of this business seem not to be any stable. In this case, the profits vary a lot through high ranges, hence show possibility of not remaining stable at any moment. In as much as the yearly profits show steady increase, the monthly profits show staggering values that may make the business not that stable during the year. The gross margin of this project also shows a high monthly decrease. This shows that revenues increase but at a decreasing rate. The cost of sales also increases even as the sales increase. Therefore, the project experiences a reduction in its net profits from 24.19% to 16.38%. There is also a staggering increase in the net cash flow as shown in the graphs. The monthly profits of Shaved Ice Beverage project seem to be fairly stable, hence not so much risky. The yearly profit for this business seem to be stable and increasing each year. The gross margin will increase in the first year, but get back to normal in the third year, showing staggering growth. Operating expenses, however, increases yearly, hence reducing on the profit. The net profit percentage, however, increases at some significant rate, hence the business is not hat risky. A problem only sets in during its net cash flow where the values are very low, and sometimes go to negative. The third project, the Truck stop business, show fairly stable cash flows throughout the year except for the first two months of the year when the net cash flow becomes too high and too low. Income received from operations, however, increases steadily year after year. The monthly profits is also very high and very stable throughout the year. This is one significant reason that shows that this business is free from risks. However, when one looks at its net profits, it is clear that it increases on the second year, but not with a big range, then gets back on the third year. This probably shows indications of

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Zaha Hadid's Dongdaemun Design Plaza (DDP) in Seoul, South Korea Research Paper

Zaha Hadid's Dongdaemun Design Plaza (DDP) in Seoul, South Korea - Research Paper Example Modeled as a modern cultural hub, Dongdaemun Design Plaza (DDP) revolves around old and ancient city walls which facilitate a new type of interaction between the new and the old while creating a civic space in the process for the city. The cultural multipurpose complex in Seoul South Korea was opened officially in March 2014. Samsung C&T built it whereas Zaha Hadid Architects designed it for its client, the Seoul Metropolitan Government. Dongdaemun Design Plaza (DDP) is the biggest irregular three dimensional and irregular shaped building in the world.1 Zaha Hadid Architects (ZHA) ‘s metonymic landscape design emerged as the international competition winner under the design category back in August 2007 and the project has come to fruition. Construction work was completed in November 2013 having commenced in April 2009. The 931,874 sq ft (86, 574 sq m) multicultural complex is composed of educational facilities, a museum ,library and a sky lounge. Moreover, it has a retail space of 322,917sq ft (30,000 sq m) and a 322, 917sq ft (30, 000 sq m) park.2 The building’s theme revolves around a traditional Korean garden design style that interweaves the culture of South Korea into the complex’s fibre. â€Å"Within the urban environment of Dongdaemun is a new park. It will act as a refugee haven for the people of Dongdaemun in addition to it being a place for relaxation,† implied ZHA. The South Korea government hopes that the new flashy complex and its nearby public park will attract a lot of its citizens much like South Korea’s first or initial sports stadium which was originally located on the DPP site. The construction and completion of the project established a cultural and design hub in the country’s capital. The project hit several snags during its construction phase since it commenced in 2007. It was initially planned by the former Seoul Mayor Oh Se-Hoon, and it faced indefinite

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

My personal experiences Essay Example for Free

My personal experiences Essay I believe that all my personal experiences and academic accomplishments are the stepping stone to realize my potentials and my career objectives. To be admitted in the Asian Institute of Technology School of Management Thailand is a huge step towards achieving these objective and attaining career and self development. I will surely grow academically and professionally once I obtain a Master’s Degree in Business Administration. I took up Electronics and Communication Engineering from the National College of Engineering. I was an above average student back then and I always took risks by assuming completing responsibility and performing the assigned duties well. Although it is a highly technical course, my optimism has also allowed me to take struggles and problems as challenges. After graduation, I was enticed to establish a career using my knowledge in electronics engineering. I was able to render services to Indias technological companies for four years specializing in Telecom Testing domain. I also worked for Wipro Technologies on Nortel CS1K product. I also worked for India’s major Telecom service providers like BHARTI (AIRTEL) and VSNL. Because my academic background and work experiences are highly technical, I want to combine it with a business management course for career and individual growth. By completing the MBA program offered by AIT-SOM, I will feel more competent and confident to serve my country and any company in the future. I wish to study more about business management because I believe that it will aid me to become more successful not only as a technology expert but as a business savvy professional as well. Furthering my knowledge in business combined with technology is one of my goals. I also wanted to apply for the university’s Financial Aid Scholarship Program. I am in dire need of financial assistance and I know that I can repay this scholarship by being an outstanding student of this university. I believe that through the school’s financial assistance program, my burden will be lessened since I am supporting my family. My homeland is a developing country and I firmly believe that through this course and by applying the skills that I will acquire through this institution, I can help my country in its progress. I am looking forward to serving the nation by applying the management knowledge and skills that I will gain after completing my MBA at AIT-SOM. I know that an MBA from AIT-SOM will help me acquire knowledge that is beyond my imagination. The things I will learn will surely contribute to my advancement in the field of business and provide me more career opportunities in the future. I am confident that AIT-SOM has the capability of making students stretch beyond the conventional business degree. I also believe that this university will make my ambitions more attainable since I will get my degree with the help of the Financial Aid program. I am positive that I am fit to become a part of a university that only accepts the finest, the best and the most responsible students. I know that this university will really make my dream a reality.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Study on the Determinants of Financial Derivatives

Study on the Determinants of Financial Derivatives Introduction Our research article is Determinants of Financial Derivatives. Before moving towards the definition of main purpose and significance of our research article, we want to give a brief introduction of the core keywords of our research article which are Financial Derivatives. 1.1. Introduction A derivative is a financial instrument (or more simply, an agreement between two people/two parties) that has a value determined by the future price of something else. Derivatives can be thought of as bets on the price of something. Suppose you bet with your friend on the price of a bushel of corn. If the price in one year is less than $3 your friend pays you $1. If the price is more than $3 you pay your friend $1. Thus, the underlying in the agreement is the price of corn and the value of the agreement to you depends on that underlying.[1] So derivatives are the collective name used for a broad class of financial instruments that derive their value from other financial instruments (known as the underlying), events or conditions. Essentially, a derivative is a contract between two parties where the value of the contract is linked to the price of another financial instrument or by a specified event or condition. Derivatives are usually broadly categorized by the: Relationship between the underlying and the derivative (e.g. forward, option, swap) Type of underlying (e.g. equity derivatives, foreign exchange derivatives, interest rate derivatives, commodity derivatives or credit derivatives) Market in which they trade (e.g., exchange traded or over-the-counter) Pay-off profile (Some derivatives have non-linear payoff diagrams due to embedded optionality) Another arbitrary distinction is between: Vanilla derivatives (simple and more common) and Exotic derivatives (more complicated and specialized) There is no definitive rule for distinguishing one from the other, so the distinction is mostly a matter of custom. Derivatives are used by investors to Provide leverage or gearing, such that a small movement in the underlying value can cause a large difference in the value of the derivative Speculate and to make a profit if the value of the underlying asset moves the way they expect (e.g. moves in a given direction, stays in or out of a specified range, reaches a certain level) Hedge or mitigate risk in the underlying, by entering into a derivative contract whose value moves in the opposite direction to their underlying position and cancels part or all of it out Obtain exposure to underlying where it is not possible to trade in the underlying (e.g. weather derivatives) Create optionability where the value of the derivative is linked to a specific condition or event (e.g. the underlying reaching a specific price level) Uses Hedging Hedging is a technique that attempts to reduce risk. In this respect, derivatives can be considered a form of insurance. Derivatives allow risk about the price of the underlying asset to be transferred from one party to another. For example, a wheat farmer and a miller could sign a futures contract to exchange a specified amount of cash for a specified amount of wheat in the future. Both parties have reduced a future risk: for the wheat farmer, the uncertainty of the price, and for the miller, the availability of wheat. However, there is still the risk that no wheat will be available because of events unspecified by the contract, like the weather, or that one party will renege on the contract. Although a third party, called a clearing house, insures a futures contract, not all derivatives are insured against counter-party risk. From another perspective, the farmer and the miller both reduce a risk and acquire a risk when they sign the futures contract: The farmer reduces the risk that the price of wheat will fall below the price specified in the contract and acquires the risk that the price of wheat will rise above the price specified in the contract (thereby losing additional income that he could have earned). The miller, on the other hand, acquires the risk that the price of wheat will fall below the price specified in the contract (thereby paying more in the future than he otherwise would) and reduces the risk that the price of wheat will rise above the price specified in the contract. In this sense, one party is the insurer (risk taker) for one type of risk, and the counter-party is the insurer (risk taker) for another type of risk. Hedging also occurs when an individual or institution buys an asset (like a commodity, a bond that has coupon payments, a stock that pays dividends, and so on) and sells it using a futures contract. The individual or institution has access to the asset for a specified amount of time, and then can sell it in the future at a specified price according to the futures contract. Of course, this allows the individual or institution the benefit of holding the asset while reducing the risk that the future selling price will deviate unexpectedly from the markets current assessment of the future value of the asset. Derivatives traded at the Chicago Board of Trade. Derivatives serve a legitimate business purpose. For example, a corporation borrows a large sum of money at a specific interest rate.[2] The rate of interest on the loan resets every six months. The corporation is concerned that the rate of interest may be much higher in six months. The corporation could buy a forward rate agreement (FRA). A forward rate agreement is a contract to pay a fixed rate of interest six months after purchases on a notional sum of money.[3] If the interest rate after six months is above the contract rate the seller pays the difference to the corporation, or FRA buyer. If the rate is lower the corporation would pay the difference to the seller. The purchase of the FRA would serve to reduce the uncertainty concerning the rate increase and stabilize earnings. Speculation and arbitrage Derivatives can be used to acquire risk, rather than to insure or hedge against risk. Thus, some individuals and institutions will enter into a derivative contract to speculate on the value of the underlying asset, betting that the party seeking insurance will be wrong about the future value of the underlying asset. Speculators will want to be able to buy an asset in the future at a low price according to a derivative contract when the future market price is high, or to sell an asset in the future at a high price according to a derivative contract when the future market price is low. Individuals and institutions may also look for arbitrage opportunities, as when the current buying price of an asset falls below the price specified in a futures contract to sell the asset. Speculative trading in derivatives gained a great deal of notoriety in 1995 when Nick Leeson, a trader at Barings Bank, made poor and unauthorized investments in futures contracts. Through a combination of poor judgment, lack of oversight by the banks management and by regulators, and unfortunate events like the Kobe earthquake, Leeson incurred a $1.3 billion loss that bankrupted the centuries-old institution. Types of derivatives OTC and Exchange-traded Broadly speaking there are two distinct groups of derivative contracts, which are distinguished by the way they are traded in the market: Over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives are contracts that are traded (and privately negotiated) directly between two parties, without going through an exchange or other intermediary. Products such as swaps, forward rate agreements, and exotic options are almost always traded in this way. The OTC derivative market is the largest market for derivatives, and is largely unregulated with respect to disclosure of information between the parties, since the OTC market is made up of banks and other highly sophisticated parties, such as hedge funds. Reporting of OTC amounts are difficult because trades can occur in private, without activity being visible on any exchange. According to the Bank for International Settlements, the total outstanding notional amount is $684 trillion (as of June 2008).[5] Of this total notional amount, 67% are interest rate contracts, 8% are credit default swaps (CDS), 9% are foreign exchange contracts, 2% are commodity contracts, 1% are equity contracts, and 12% are oth er. Because OTC derivatives are not traded on an exchange, there is no central counter-party. Therefore, they are subject to counter-party risk, like an ordinary contract, since each counter-party relies on the other to perform. Exchange-traded derivative contracts (ETD) are those derivatives instruments that are traded via specialized derivatives exchanges or other exchanges. A derivatives exchange is a market where individuals trade standardized contracts that have been defined by the exchange. A derivatives exchange acts as an intermediary to all related transactions, and takes Initial margin from both sides of the trade to act as a guarantee. The worlds largest derivatives exchanges (by number of transactions) are the Korea Exchange (which lists KOSPI Index Futures Options), Eurex (which lists a wide range of European products such as interest rate index products), and CME Group (made up of the 2007 merger of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Chicago Board of Trade and the 2008 acquisition of the New York Mercantile Exchange). According to BIS, the Scombined turnover in the worlds derivatives exchanges totaled USD 344 trillion during Q4 2005. Some types of derivative instruments also may trade on traditional exchanges. For instance, hybrid instruments such as convertible bonds and/or convertible preferred may be listed on stock or bond exchanges. Also, warrants (or rights) may be listed on equity exchanges. Performance Rights, Cash xPRTs and various other instruments that essentially consist of a complex set of options bundled into a simple package are routinely listed on equity exchanges. Like other derivatives, these publicly traded derivatives provide investors access to risk/reward and volatility characteristics that, while related to an underlying commodity, nonetheless are distinctive. Common derivative contract types There are three major classes of derivatives: Futures/Forwards are contracts to buy or sell an asset on or before a future date at a price specified today? A futures contract differs from a forward contract in that the futures contract is a standardized contract written by a clearing house that operates an exchange where the contract can be bought and sold, while a forward contract is a non-standardized contract written by the parties themselves. Options are contracts that give the owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy (in the case of a call option) or sell (in the case of a put option) an asset. The price at which the sale takes place is known as the strike price, and is specified at the time the parties enter into the option. The option contract also specifies a maturity date. In the case of a European option, the owner has the right to require the sale to take place on (but not before) the maturity date; in the case of an American option, the owner can require the sale to take place at any time up to the maturity date. If the owner of the contract exercises this right, the counter-party has the obligation to carry out the transaction. Swaps are contracts to exchange cash (flows) on or before a specified future date based on the underlying value of currencies/exchange rates, bonds/interest rates, commodities, stocks or other assets. More complex derivatives can be created by combining the elements of these basic types. For example, the holder of a swaption has the right, but not the obligation, to enter into a swap on or before a specified future date. 1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT: The problem statement on which we are doing research is as follows: What are the Determinants that define the activities towards Financial Derivatives? 1.3. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: The main objective of our research is that which one of this independent variable like Risk, Yield Spread etc affects the financial derivatives the most or which one of the following indicates the most involvement in financial derivative. 1.4. Limitations:- There are few limitations which are as under. The data which we are considering is only from Islamabad stock exchange. Out of numerous variables we have selected only four. 1.5. Plan:- Rest of the thesis is organized as fallows. In chapter II we have produced a literature review. In chapter III Data is collected and statistical tools are applied. In chapter IV the results are interpreted. In chapter V conclusions and recommendations are given. Chapter II Literature Review Credit derivatives and risk aversion in this article author discuss the valuation of credit derivatives in extreme regimes such as when the time-to-maturity is short, or when payoff is contingent upon a large number of defaults, as with senior trenches of collateralized debt obligations. In these cases, risk aversion may play an important role, especially when there is little liquidity, and utility-indifference valuation may apply. Specifically, we analyze how short-term yield spreads from default able bonds in a structural model may be raised due to investor risk aversion. Using derivatives to manage risk this Refers to some well-publicized failures with derivatives, and seeks explanations for these problems; points to the role of the US treasury department as a profit centre, and presents a three-phase risk management framework for the successful use of derivatives risk identification/determination of the desired risk profile, implementation (to include factors such as the role of the board in the co-ordination of resources), evaluation/feedback. Shows how three celebrated cases of derivatives fiasco failed in respect of various aspects of this framework (these being Gibson Greetings, Procter Gamble and Metallgesellschaft AG). Petersen and Thiagarajan (2000) Estimates and compares the risk exposure of two firms operating in the gold mining industry. Suggests that the difference between the two firms lies in the risks that they choose to manage and the tools that they use. It presents an extensive analysis of the building blocks underlying the effects of risk management including operating cash flows, taxable income, investment opportunities and equity risk exposure. Shows how one uses adjustments to the quality of ore extracted as a partial hedge against gold price fluctuations, whilst the other uses derivatives to reduce the fluctuations in its revenues and therefore operating cash flows. Comments on the incentives for risk reduction and their effect on the management of gold price risk, noting that compensation strategies can lead to differing managerial objectives. Argues that the use of alternative forms of risk management is a conscious choice by firms and that the use of derivatives should be seen ag ainst the alternative tools available. Alister and Mansfield (1980) states that Derivatives have been an expanding and controversial feature of the financial markets since the late 1980s. They are used by a wide range of manufacturers and investors to manage risk. This paper analyses the role and potential of financial derivatives investment property portfolio management. The limitations and problems of direct investment in commercial property are briefly discussed and the main principles and types of derivatives are analysed and explained. The potential of financial derivatives to mitigate many of the problems associated with direct property investment is examined. The management of foreign currency risk: derivatives use and the natural hedge of geographic diversification Summer 1999 Notes the lack of evidence of large companies use of foreign exchange derivatives (FXDs), related to the geographical diversification natural hedge, an alternative method of avoiding risk. Builds a model of company behavior, sampling 309 US companies by industry, including FXD, foreign sales, a sales-based Herfindahl index, and market value. Finds a significant and positive relationship between the use of FXDs and the level of foreign exchange exposure; and a negative relationship between geographic dispersion and FXD. Shows that there are economies of scale in FXD use, and that the findings are robust to industry membership and geographic diversification. Emory presents evidence consistent with managers using derivatives and discretionary accruals as partial substitutes for smoothing earnings. Using 1994-1996 data for a sample of Fortune5 00 firms, I estimate a set of simultaneous equations that captures managers incentives to maintain a desired level of earnings volatility through hedging and accrual management. These incentives include increasing managerial compensation and wealth, reducing corporate income taxes and debt financing costs, avoiding underinvestment and earnings surprises, and mitigating volatility caused by low diversification. After controlling for such incentives, I find a significant negative association between derivatives notional amounts and proxies for the magnitude of discretionary accruals. Gay and Nam analyzed the underinvestment problem as a determinant of corporate hedging policy. We find evidence of a positive relation between a firms derivatives use and its growth opportunities, as proxied by several alternative measures. For firms with enhanced investment opportunities, derivatives use is greater when they also have relatively low cash stocks. Firms whose investment expenditures are positively correlated with internal cash flows tend to have smaller derivatives positions, which suggest potential natural hedges. Our findings support the argument that firms derivatives use may partly be driven by the need to avoid potential underinvestment problems. Patil (2008) states that the Reserve Bank of Indias Working Group on Rupee Derivatives has, interalia, recommended introduction of exchange traded derivatives to supplement OTC derivatives. But before we introduce exchange traded interest rates futures it is necessary to be fully aware of the ground realities. The basic issue is the healthy development of the market and abolition of the regulations that artificially protect the interests of a set of intermediaries whose role and functions have got significantly reduced with massive induction of IT applications into the capital and financial markets. Regulatory reforms should facilitate continuous reduction in transaction costs and up gradation of transactional efficiency across different segments of the market. A regulatory regime that ends up protecting the role of certain players merely because they played a useful role in the past in the development of some segments of the markets would be doing a disservice Hentschel and Kothari makes Public discussion about corporate use of derivatives focuses on whether firms use derivatives to reduce or increase firm risk. In contrast, empirical academic studies of corporate derivatives use take it for granted that firms hedge with derivatives. Using data from financial statements of 425 large U.S. corporations, we investigate whether firms systematically reduce or increase their riskiness with derivatives. We find that many firms manage their exposures with large derivatives positions. Nonetheless, compared to firms that do not use financial derivatives, firms that use derivatives display few, if any, measurable differences in risk that are associated with the use of derivatives. Brinson, Randolph Hood and Beebower (1986), states that in order to delineate investment responsibility and measure performance contribution, pension plan sponsors and investment managers need a clear and relevant method of attributing returns to those activities that compose the investment management process- investment policy, market timing and security selection. The authors provide a simple framework based on a passive, benchmark portfolio representing the plans long-term asset classes, weighted by their long-term allocations. Returns on this investment policy portfolio are compared with the actual returns resulting from the combination of investment policy plus market timing (over or underweighting asset classes relative to the plan benchmark) and security selection (active selection within an asset class). Data from 91 large U.S. pension plans over the 1974-83 period indicate that investment policy dominates investment strategy (market timing and security selection), explaining on average 93.6 per cent of the variation in total plan return. The actual mean average total return on the portfolio over the period was 9.01 per cent, versus 10.11 per cent for the benchmark portfolio. Active management cost the average plan 1.10 per cent per year, although its effects on individual plans varied greatly, adding as much as 3.69 per cent per year. Although investment strategy can result in significant returns, these are dwarfed by the return contribution from investment policy-the selection of asset classes and their normal weights. Markides (1995) concluded that there is increasing evidence (especially in the business press) that over the past decade, many U.S. corporations have restructured. For example, Lewis (1990: 43) estimates that nearly half of large U.S. corporations have restructured in the 1980s. Similarly, a special report on corporate restructuring published in the Wall Street Journal (1985: 1) found that out of the 850 of North Americas largest corporations, 398 (47%) of them restructured. A major problem with many of these studies on restructuring is that they do not define exactly what is meant by restructuring. Corporate actions such as share repurchasing, refocusing, alliances, consolidations and leveraged recapitalizations can all fall under the general term restructuring; therefore, a researcher needs to look at these forms of restructuring separately if any generalizations are to be made. In this study, we focus on one specific type of restructuring, namely corporate refocusing. By this we m ean the voluntary or involuntary reduction in the diversification of U.S. firms-usually, but not necessarily, achieved through major divestitures-what Bhagat, Shleifer, and Vishny (1990) call the return to corporate specialization. We focus on this type of restructuring because according to the existing evidence it is by far the most common and most beneficial form of restructuring undertaken by firms (e.g., Lewis, 1990; Wall Street Journal, 1985). According to existing evidence, a significant proportion of major diversified firms in the U.S. have reduced their diversification in the 1980s by refocusing on their core businesses (for statistical evidence, see Lichtenberg, 1990; Mark- ides, 1990; Porter, 1987; Williams, Paez and Sanders, 1988). For example, Markides (1993) reported that at least 20 percent and as many as 50 percent of the Fortune 500 firms refocused in the period 1981-87. He also found that refocusing is a 1980s phenomenon: using the Rumelt (1974) strategic categories of diversification, he reported that whereas only 1 percent of the Fortune 500 firms were refocusing in the 1960s, more than 20 percent were doing so in the 1980s. Other studies have shown that these refocusing firms are characteriz ed by high diversification and poor profitability relative to their industry counter- parts, and that refocusing is associated ex-ante with improved stockmarket value (e.g., Comment and Jarrell, 1991; Markides, 1992a,b; Montgom- ery and Wilson, 1986). Yet, as Shleifer and Vishny (1991: 54) argue, there is very little ex- post evidence that refocusing is associated with profitability improvements. Doukas and Lang In this study they present evidence that geographic diversification increases shareholder value and improves long-term performance when firms engage in core-related foreign direct (greenfield) investments. Non-core-related foreign investments are found to be associated with both short-term and long-term losses. Our results suggest that the synergy gains stemming from the internalization of markets are rooted in the core business of the firm. Geographic diversification outside the core business of the firm bears strongly against the prediction of the internalization hypothesis. The analysis also shows that, regardless of the industrial structure of the firm (that is, number of segments), foreign direct investments outside the core business of the firm are associated with a loss in shareholder value, whereas core-related (focused) foreign direct investments are found to be value increasing. Unrelated international diversification, however, is less harmful for diversifie d (multi- segment) than specialized (single-segment) firms. The larger gains to diversified firms suggest that operational and internal capital market efficiency gains are considerably greater in multi-segment than single-segment firms when both expand their core business overseas. James and Finkelshtain (1965) said the effects of multivariate risk are examined in a model of portfolio choice. The conditions under which portfolio choices are separable from consumption decisions are derived. Unless the appropriate restrictions hold on investors preferences or on the probability distribution of risks, the optimal portfolio is affected by other risks. This requires generalizing the usual measures of risk aversion. With one risky asset, matrix measures of risk aversion are used to generalize the results of Arrow (1965) and Pratt (1964) concerning the effects of risk aversion and wealth on the optimal portfolio. With two risky assets, the choices made by two investors coincide if and only if their generalized risk-aversion measures are identical. Rosss notion of stronger risk aversion is then used to characterize the effect of risk aversion on the level of investment in the riskier asset. Browne (2000) tells us that Active portfolio management is concerned with objectives related to the out performance of the return of a target benchmark portfolio. In this paper, we consider a dynamic active portfolio management problem where the objective is related to the tradeoff between the achievement of performance goals and the risk of a shortfall. Specifically, we consider an objective that relates the probability of achieving a given performance objective to the time it takes to achieve the objective. This allows a new direct quantitative analysis of the risk/return tradeoff, with risk defined directly in terms of probability of shortfall relative to the bench- mark, and return defined in terms of the expected time to reach investment goals relative to the benchmark. The resulting optimal policy is a state-dependent policy that provides new insights. As a special case, our analysis includes the case where the investor wants to minimize the expected time until a given performa nce goal is reached subject to a constraint on the shortfall probability. On the basis of this literature review we have developed the following Theoretical framework. 2.2. THEORATICAL FRAMEWORK: The importance of: Risk_ Response Index Yield Spread_ Response Index Liquidity_ Response Index Geographical Diversification_ Response Index Financial Derivatives (Swap, Option, Future and Forward Contracts) For 2.3 Hypothesis: H0:  µ H1:  µ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 3.5 If the mean respondent is 3.5 or above it means the factor is important because at the rating scale 1 is for strongly disagree and 5 is for strongly agree. Chapter III Data and Methodology 3.1. NATURE OF STUDY: This study was descriptive in nature and will describe the Risk, Yield spread, Liquidity, Geographical diversification in the term of determinants of Financial Derivatives. The study setting for this study is non-contrived in nature i.e. it was conducted in the normal work place and routine working conditions. 3.2. PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION: Data for this study was collected from the participants of the Islamabad Stock Exchange. These people were working or participating in the stock exchange where the people had knowledge about risk, yield spread, liquidity and geographical diversification. That is why; it was easier for us to conduct our research in Islamabad Stock Exchange to conclude our results that which one of the following factors like risk, yield spread, liquidity, and geographical diversification shows the maximum involvement in the determining of financial derivatives. 3.3. RESPONDENTS OF RESEARCH: Data were collected from 100 participants. Participants were asked to fill the questionnaire which was helpful to lead us towards the result and conclusion of our research. All participants were asked to write down on the questionnaire their gender and age. 3.4. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT: Questionnaire is an efficient data collection mechanism where we know exactly what is required and measures the variables of interest. Questionnaires were made with enough number of questions covering all the related areas. This helped us to conclude our result by measuring the affect of determinants on financial derivatives. Questionnaires were personally handed over to the participants by us. All surveys were completed during working hours. Respondents were guaranteed that their data would remain confidential. Respondents were instructed to indicate their opinions about the questions to rate on a Likert Scale. This scale was designed to examine how strongly respondents agree or disagree with statements on a 5-points scale with the following anchors; 3.5. DATA INTERPRETATION: Statistical tools were used for the interpretation of data. These tools included t-test, correlation and descriptive statistics to find the involvement of independent variables in determining the financial derivatives. In other words, statistical tool of correlation were applied to interpret the relationship between the indexes of independent variables and t-test was used to determine the involvement of independent variable in determining the financial derivatives. The total data was divided into two halves: Participants Below median age (39 and below) Participants above median age (above 39) We have applied sample mean test at  µ=3.5. Chapter IV Findings R1: Risky nature of instrument is not a matter of concern for me. R2: Since high risk means high return therefore I will shift to the risky securities. R3: Would you shift from one stock to another to reduce risk at the cost of return? R4: It is feasible to add a percentage of low risk securities to a portfolio. L1: Is a highly liquid security attractive to an investor L2: The stocks in which you trade are relatively liquid which attracts you towards them. L3: Liquidity reflects the performance of a firm therefore for diversification it is important Y1: Yield spread helps the investor to determine which security would be the better investment. Y2: Change in demand supply of the securities effect the yield spread change therefore I shift towards low yield spread. Y3: The market is forecasting a greater risk of default which implies a slowing economy (narrowing of spreads between bonds of different risk ratings) G1: Geographical diversification increases the potential return on your investment / portfolio. G2: Geographical diversification allows combining a diversification across domestic and foreign securities. In case of G1, H0 is accepted it implies people do not conside